Implement observability: Prometheus metrics collection, Grafana dashboards, EFK/EFK logging stack, Metrics Server, custom metrics, and alerting with Alertmanager.

# Metrics Server (required for HPA)
kubectl apply -f https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/metrics-server/releases/latest/download/components.yaml

# View resource usage
kubectl top nodes
kubectl top pods
kubectl top pods --containers

# Prometheus ServiceMonitor
apiVersion: monitoring.coreos.com/v1
kind: ServiceMonitor
metadata:
  name: app-monitor
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: myapp
  endpoints:
  - port: metrics

# Grafana Dashboard ConfigMap
apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
  name: grafana-dashboards
data:
  dashboard.json: |
    {...dashboard JSON...}

# Check pod logs
kubectl logs -f deployment/nginx
kubectl logs --since=1h deployment/nginx